References

[1]

Jérome Eertmans, Claude Oestges, and Laurent Jacques. Min-Path-Tracing: A Diffraction Aware Alternative to Image Method in Ray Tracing. In 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), volume, 1–5. 2023. doi:10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10132934.

[2]

Jérome Eertmans, Claude Oestges, and Laurent Jacques. Fully Differentiable Ray Tracing via Discontinuity Smoothing for Radio Network Optimization. In 2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), volume, 1–5. 2024. doi:10.23919/EuCAP60739.2024.10501570.

[3]

Jérome Eertmans, Nicola Di Cicco, Claude Oestges, Laurent Jacques, Enrico Maria Vitucci, and Vittorio Degli-Esposti. Towards Generative Ray Path Sampling for Faster Point-to-Point Ray Tracing. In 2025 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning for Communication and Networking (ICMLCN), volume, 1–6. 2025. doi:10.1109/ICMLCN64995.2025.11140249.

[4]

Jérome Eertmans, Sophie Lequeu, Benoît Legat, Laurent Jacques, and Claude Oestges. Fast, differentiable, gpu-accelerated ray tracing for multiple diffraction and reflection paths. 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16172, arXiv:2510.16172.

[5]

Jérome Eertmans, Claude Oestges, and Laurent Jacques. DiffeRT2d: A Differentiable Ray Tracing Python Framework for Radio Propagation. Journal of Open Source Software, 9(98):6915, 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06915, doi:10.21105/joss.06915.

[6]

Jérome Eertmans, Enrico Maria Vittuci, Vittorio Degli-Esposti, Laurent Jacques, and Claude Oestges. Comparing differentiable and dynamic ray tracing: introducing the multipath lifetime map. In 2025 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), volume, 01–05. 2025. doi:10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999736.

[7]

Franco Fuschini, Enrico M. Vitucci, Marina Barbiroli, Gabriele Falciasecca, and Vittorio Degli-Esposti. Ray tracing propagation modeling for future small-cell and indoor applications: A review of current techniques. Radio Science, 50(6):469–485, 2015. doi:10.1002/2015RS005659.

[8]

Álvaro González. Measurement of Areas on a Sphere Using Fibonacci and Latitude–Longitude Lattices. Mathematical Geosciences, 42(1):49–64, jan 2010. doi:10.1007/s11004-009-9257-x.

[9]

Jakob Hoydis, Sebastian Cammerer, Fayçal Ait Aoudia, Avinash Vem, Nikolaus Binder, Guillermo Marcus, and Alexander Keller. Sionna: An Open-Source Library for Next-Generation Physical Layer Research. arXiv preprint, mar 2022.

[10]

Jonathan S. Lu, Enrico M. Vitucci, Vittorio Degli-Esposti, Franco Fuschini, Marina Barbiroli, Jerome A. Blaha, and Henry L. Bertoni. A Discrete Environment-Driven GPU-Based Ray Launching Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 67(2):1180–1192, 2019. doi:10.1109/TAP.2018.2880036.

[11]

D. McNamara, C. Pistorius, and J. Malherbe. Introduction to the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Artech House, 1990.

[12]

Ruichen Wang and Dinesh Manocha. Dynamic EM Ray Tracing for Large Urban Scenes with Multiple Receivers. In 2023 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), volume, 1268–1274. 2023. doi:10.1109/IWCMC58020.2023.10182695.

[13]

Zhengqing Yun and Magdy F. Iskander. Ray Tracing for Radio Propagation Modeling: Principles and Applications. IEEE Access, 3:1089–1100, 2015. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2453991.

[14]

International Telecommunication Union. Itu-r recommendation p.2040-3: effects of building materials and structures on radiowave propagation above about 100 MHz. Standard, International Telecommunication Union, oct 2025.

[15]

Wikipedia contributors. Complete graph — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2023. [Online; accessed 12-March-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complete\_graph\&oldid=1190935136.

[16]

Wikipedia contributors. Directed graph — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2023. [Online; accessed 12-March-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directed\_graph\&oldid=1186925478.

[17]

Wikipedia contributors. Dipole — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2024. [Online; accessed 5-November-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipole&oldid=1251681615.

[18]

Wikipedia contributors. Dipole antenna — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2024. [Online; accessed 5-November-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipole_antenna&oldid=1249407102.

[19]

Wikipedia contributors. Directivity — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2024. [Online; accessed 5-November-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directivity&oldid=1249348440.

[20]

Wikipedia contributors. Electric dipole moment — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2024. [Online; accessed 5-November-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric\_dipole\_moment&oldid=1253034363.

[21]

Wikipedia contributors. Fermat's principle — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2024. [Online; accessed 19-February-2024]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat\%27s\_principle\&oldid=1206886888.

[22]

Wikipedia contributors. Free-space path loss — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2024. [Online; accessed 13-January-2025]. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free-space\_path\_loss&oldid=1260213116.